[28] General Henry H. Arnold, Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces, even suggested that it was the Germans themselves who were flying captured Allied planes over Switzerland in an attempt to gain a propaganda victory. The external threat had helped to
Its linen production had made an international name for the city and it was prosperous. The city houses the University of Konstanz and was the residence of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Konstanz for more than 1,200 years. since. [17][35][36] By the end of the war, there were over 115,000 refuge-seeking people of all categories in Switzerland, representing the maximum number of refugees at any one time. Switzerland - World War II, final report, p. 247f). In Zürich two very different anti-war groups would bring lasting changes to the world, the Bolsheviks and the Dadaists. Officially, the Swiss banned any transportation of people (troops) or war goods over their railway, but the extent to which this was upheld is very questionable. Each side openly exerted pressure on Switzerland not to trade with the other. [27] The attack on Basel's railway station led to the destruction of a passenger train, but no casualties were reported; a B-24 Liberator dropped its bomb load over Zürich, destroying two buildings and killing five civilians. (Independent Commission of Experts
However, the country managed to keep out of the war. To uphold their neutral stand, Switzerland’s governments laid down restrictions on what could be transported over their railway. Hitler had himself called "Der Führer" [= the leader] Swiss, German and Austrian media
Its location in south-west Germany gives Konstanz a degraded oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with warm and humid summers (moderated by the lake) as well as a cold and snowy winters.[6].
The Konzilgebäude where the conclave was held can still be seen standing by the harbour. In 1937, the government opened the Museum of Federal Charters.
On 1 October 1943 the first American bomber was shot down near Bad Ragaz, with only three men surviving. decision-makers therefore occupy a position of dual responsibility, i.e., to their own country and
fats, oils, textiles, shoes, soap, coffee, tea, cocoa, cheese, eggs, milk, meat, honey, jam, chocolate,
It was here that the Papal Schism was ended and Pope Martin V was elected during the only conclave ever held north of the Alps. In 1821, the Bishopric of Constance was dissolved and became part of the Archdiocese of Freiburg. But the extent to which they ‘helped’ the Nazis is a much more complex matter. Around 585 the first bishop took up residence in Konstanz and this marked the beginning of the city's importance as a spiritual center. (Independent Commission of Experts
This policy was known as Geistige Landesverteidigung, or "spiritual national defence". (for example Sweden), this threat was real, insofar as Hitler did have plans to incorporate all
The Social Democratic party abandoned their revolutionary and anti-military stances, and soon the country began to rearm for war.
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